The finalisation of the treaties of Trianon with Hungary, signed on 4 June 1920, and of SГЁvres with the Ottoman Empire on 10 August 1920, together with increasing problems of enforcement, were handled with some confusion by peripatetic meetings of Allied heads of government held in various capitals and spas. In January 1920, prompted by Lloyd GeorgeвЂ™s concern that Clemenceau was exercising too much power, the Paris Conference closed. They oversaw the signature of the Treaties of Saint-Germain with Austria on 10 September 1919, and Neuilly with Bulgaria on 27 November 1919. On 28 June 1919 Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, the first and most significant of the five Parisian treaties.ДЄfter June 1919 and the departure, first of Orlando, then of Lloyd George and Wilson, the Five became the main body of the conference, gradually changing composition as the foreign ministers were replaced by their ambassadors or officials. Their respective foreign ministers вЂ“ Arthur Balfour (1848-1930), Stephen Pichon (1857-1933), Sidney Sonnino (1847-1922) and Robert Lansing (1864-1928), together with Baron Makino Nobuaki (1861-1949) of Japan - became the Council of Five, which undertook much of the detailed work on the new frontiers of Europe and the treaty with Austria, referring sensitive decisions to the Four. The Council of Four вЂ“ Prime Ministers Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929) of France, Vittorio Orlando (1860-1952) of Italy and American President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) вЂ“ became the main decision-making body until the German treaty was signed. Its main forum was initially the Council of Ten вЂ“ the heads of government and foreign ministers of America, Britain, France and Italy, as well as two Japanese representatives. The Paris Conference ran from 18 January 1919 until 21 January 1920. Much was repaired by the mid-1920s, but the legacy of human sacrifice and lethal debris continues to be unearthed a century later. In France and Belgium an area the size of Holland was devastated. America, a pre-war debtor nation, emerged as the worldвЂ™s largest creditor and its major industrial producer. The British Treasury estimated that victory cost an astronomical 24 billion British pounds (in 1914 gold values) whilst the effects on world trading patterns and economic power were extensive and long-lasting. Others remained unborn because of wartime separations. Millions more died in the inter- and intra-state wars that continued after 1918. Three or four times as many were wounded, some of whom would never work again, and each a reminder of the personal and financial cost of the conflict. Around 9.5 million young servicemen died.

They had to deal not only with the problems that had caused the war, but also with the further complications occasioned and exacerbated by it, when the bitterness of loss and destruction was still raw. It is not one continent that is engaged вЂ“ every continent is engaged.' The peacemakers faced an awesome task. But the problems at the Congress of Vienna, great as they were, sink into insignificance compared with those which we have had to attempt to settle at the Paris Conference. In April 1919 British Prime Minister David Lloyd George (1863-1945) compared peacemaking in Paris with the 1815 post-Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars negotiations: 'You then had to settle the affairs of Europe alone.

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